That is it. After the half hour on the second task was over, the E conspicuously set the stop watch back to zero, put it away, pushed his chair back, lit a cigarette, and said: Up to this point the procedure was identical for Ss in all conditions. A similar rating of the over-all content of what the S said. As shown in Ashes experiment, conforming to the majority happens more often than people think. moderate; information about how to prevent the fearful consequences. $20 in the 1950s was equivalent to over $100 now. C. She knew she had to find something that she was interested in. Cognitive dissonance theory implies that if you demand respect, you will get it. Cognitive dissonance is when we experience conflicting thoughts, beliefs, or attitudes. enjoyable than the others would. From this point on, as the promised rewards or threatened punishment become larger, the magnitude of dissonance becomes smaller. KING, B.T. _______ love, based on many years of shared responsibilities and experiences, is what binds many marriages together. Cognitive Dissonance | in Chapter 09: Motivation and Emotion Michigan Academician, 1, 3-12. If behavior is assumed to be caused by internal personality characteristics, this is known as___________. /Linearized 1.0 Which is (farther, farthest) away, the library of the park? %%EOF Procedure In this experiment, 71 male participants were given a series of nonsensical and boring tasks. the majority would administer 450 volts as instructed. & KING, B.T. For an hour, you are required to perform dull tasks, such as turning wooden knobs again and again. hb```s cB@q^2cTaX-mhp\fQgfL7uM^FD0a!&MMtm#4 3;:$:AGCk!;R )b0Hq$q4sX za4],JJAb$de\"p .j,D VZS If you make people treat you with respect, they will respect you more, in order to reduce dissonance between their attitudes and their behaviors. A police officer comes to Jane's office to discuss personal safety with the employees there. (Goleman, 1991) After performing the tasks, each of the subjects was then interviewed regarding how enjoyable the tasks were to him. Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) conducted one of the first studies examining cognitive dissonance. The variability is greater, however, and the differences do not yield high levels of statistical significance. He doesn't run over to help her because he assumes there is probably someone else in the crowd who is a doctor or nurse and who can provide better assistance. /Type/Page Let us think of the sum of all the dissonances involving some particular cognition as "D" and the sum of all the consonances as "C." Then we might [p. 204] think of the total magnitude of dissonance as being a function of "D" divided by "D" plus "C.". Since these derivations are stated in detail by Festinger (1957, Ch. The same logic applies to selfish concerns such as getting other people to respect you. The participants who convinced themselves that the task really was fun were the ones . The favor was to take the place of the research assistant, who was supposed to prepare subjects for the experiment by giving them a positive attitude toward it. Recently, Festinger (1957) bas proposed a theory concerning cognitive dissonance. Maria had fallen victim to the_______technique. Solomon Asch, a social psychologist conducted a series of experiments called Asch conformity to study how the behavior of a certain group influence the behav Normative conformity is most commonly referred to as peer pressure, and is prevalent in our present society. According to Sternberg's theory, when intimacy and passion are combined the result is _____, which is often the basis for a more lasting relationship. Behavior and Attitudes - Why does our Behavior Affect our Attitudes Festinger explained it this way in A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance (1957): The existence of dissonance, being psychologically uncomfortable, will motivate the person to try to reduce the dissonance and achieve consonance. We mentioned in the introduction that Janis and King (1954; 1956) in explaining their findings, proposed an explanation in terms of the self-convincing effect of mental rehearsal [p. 209] and thinking up new arguments by the person who had to improvise a speech. To do otherwise would have been to create conflict or dissonance (lack of harmony) between their attitudes and their behavior. The reason for doing it, theoretically, was to make it easier for anyone who wanted to persuade himself that the tasks had been, indeed, enjoyable. According to research in interpersonal attraction, the most likely explanation for them to "find" each other is______. If you have a negative attitude toward something, but you behave like you enjoy it, this causes dissonance. In this case, the One Dollar group should be motivated to believe that the experiment was enjoyable. Sigmund Freud believed that aggression is. John was late to class, and his friend Eddie assumes that John simply doesn't care about being on time. When opposites attract it is said that they have_____ characteristics. task faced a greater degree of dissonance than the ones who were paid $20, so While it is true that the experiment took place in the 50s, the results are still being recognized up to this date. In the famous Festinger experiment, participants were paid either $1 or $20 to lie to a woman in the waiting room about how interesting the task really was. Don't see what you need? When the participants were asked to evaluate the experiment, the participants who were paid only $1 rated the tedious task as more fun and enjoyable than the participants who were paid $20 to lie. correct. Would the subject say that the experiment as he had experienced it was actually likely to measure in the experiment we varied the amount of reward used to force persons to make a statement contrary to their private views. At the beginning of the Festinger and Carlsmith experiment, student volunteers were asked to perform a simple and boring task. (1984, August) Psychology Today, pp.40-45. The concept of aggression as a basic human instinct driving people to destructive acts was part of early_____theory. The third asks whether that subject finds the activity important, again using the scale of 0 to 10. conformed to the group answer about one-third of the time. Changes in attitude toward a specific, context-dependent topic, such as enjoyment of the mundane task in the experiment described above (Festinger & Carlsmith, 1959) Information seeking following a change in usual behavior (Engel, 1963) In explaining our own behavior, we tend to use situational attributions rather than personal, which is, When prejudicial attitudes cause members of a particular social group to be treated differently than the others in situations that call for equal treatment, it is called. 0000000974 00000 n ] Check out our quiz-page with tests about: Explorable.com (Nov 21, 2010). His task was to turn each peg a quarter turn clockwise, then another quarter turn, and so on. The data from 11 of the 71 Ss in the experiment had to be discarded for the following reasons: 1. To start with, she asks her boyfriend to cook dinner for her. While the S was working on these tasks the E sat, with a stop watch in his hand, busily making notations on a sheet of paper. This is most like which of the following techniques? Festinger, L. & Carlsmith, J. M. (1959) Cognitive consequences of forced compliance. Based on experiments by Festinger and Carlsmith, the idea that people are motivated to have consistent attitudes and behaviors. This short persuasive communication was made in all conditions in exactly the same way. It enabled us to measure the opinions of our Ss in a context not directly connected with our experiment and in which we could reasonably expect frank and honest expressions of opinion. Therefore, this appears to support Festinger's notion of cognitive dissonance as a "motivational state of affairs" (Festinger, 1962), and greatly contrasts to self-perception theory, which is defined as an individual's ability to respond differentially to his own behaviour and its controlling variables, and is a product of social interaction . This project has received funding from the, You are free to copy, share and adapt any text in the article, as long as you give, Select from one of the other courses available, https://explorable.com/cognitive-dissonance, Creative Commons-License Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0), European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme. 1959. Despite the seriousness of his message, the police officer jokes and laughs with the employees. You must have JavaScript enabled to use this form. Ben Franklin gave some peculiar advice that makes sense in the context of cognitive dissonance theory. Imagine 100 individuals are asked to take part in a replication of Milgram's famous study on obedience. The fact that a social role can lead to an increase in aggressive behavior points to _____as a major contributor to aggression. At the close of the interview the S was asked what he thought the experiment was about and, following this, was asked directly whether or not he was suspicious of anything and, if so, what he was suspicious of. Oct. 2011. Alex was most likely engaging in________. You can use it freely (with some kind of link), and we're also okay with people reprinting in publications like books, blogs, newsletters, course-material, papers, wikipedia and presentations (with clear attribution). Social Psychology 309 Multiple Choice for Final Exam - Quizlet The Social Comparison Theory was originally proposed by Leon Festinger in 1954. Copyright 2007-2018 Russ Dewey endstream endobj 81 0 obj <>>>/Metadata 53 0 R/OCProperties<>/OCGs[92 0 R]>>/Pages 73 0 R/StructTreeRoot 70 0 R/Type/Catalog/ViewerPreferences<>>> endobj 82 0 obj <>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]>>/Rotate 0/TrimBox[0.0 0.0 504.0 720.0]/Type/Page>> endobj 83 0 obj <>stream Obviously, Gerard knows nothing about. If no factors other than his private opinion are considered it would follow, at least in our culture, that if he believes "X" he would publicly state "X." Which of the following is not one of the elements of effective persuasion? The interview consisted of four questions, on each of which the S was first encouraged to talk about the matter and was then asked to rate his opinion or reaction on an 11-point scale. The influence of role-playing on opinion change. While watching the TV game show Jeopardy, your roommate says, "The game show host, Alex Trebek, knows all the answers. endobj The content of what the S said after the girl made the above-mentioned remark. One might expect: that, in the Twenty Dollar condition, having been paid more, they would try to do a better job of it than in the One Dollar condition. In this study, research participants were asked to spend an hour completing boring tasks (for example, repeatedly loading spools onto a tray). /MediaBox[0 0 484 720] Do a site-specific Google search using the box below. You should not put up with abuse, because people who treat you poorly will adopt negative beliefs about you, in order to be consistent with their behavior toward you. _______ occurs when people begin to think that it is more important to maintain a group's cohesiveness than to objectively consider the facts. These Ss were hired for one dollar to tell a waiting S that tasks, which were really rather dull and boring, were interesting, enjoyab1e, and lots of fun. The E then paid the S one dollar (twenty dollars), made out a hand-written receipt form, and asked the S to sign it. endstream endobj startxref An experiment by Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) brought cognitive dissonance theory to the attention of American social psychologists. 0 A teacher decides against assigning group projects in which all groups members get the same grade. Doing so, they started to identify with the arguments and accept them as their own. Which of the following is not one of the reasons given by the text for interpersonal attraction? Muzafer Sherif et al (1954), Plato, Socrates and Shakespeare endorse a "Tripartite Soul" view of Human Nature. In addition to these 5 exceptions, another 2 of the paid participants told the girl the truth that the tasks she will be performing are boring and uninteresting, and that they were just being paid to say otherwise. 0000000609 00000 n 0000001089 00000 n 3. To which two processes do most social psychologists attribute the failure of Kitty Genovese's neighbors to help her? Subjects in both groups typically agreed to tell the next subject that the experiment was interesting. Festinger and Carlsmith Dissonance Study - YouTube That is uncomfortable, unless you have a good explanation for your behavior (such as being paid a lot of money). They had not enjoyed the experiment, but now they were asked to lie and say they had enjoyed it. It has received widespread attention after recently being published in an academic journal. Five Ss (three in the One Dollar and two in the Twenty Dollar condition) indicated in the interview that they were suspicious about having been paid to tell the girl the experiment was fun and suspected that that was the real purpose of the experiment. Vince's behavior is an example of. All of the following are causes for groupthink EXCEPT. Festinger and Carlsmith had cleverly set up an opposition between behavioral theory, which was dominant in the 1950s, and Festinger's cognitive dissonance theory. In this study, Festinger and Carlsmith found that When the interview was over, the interviewer brought the S back to the experimental room where the E was waiting together with the girl who had posed as the waiting S. (In the control condition, of course, the girl was not there.) Don't see what you need? The present experiment was designed to test this derivation under controlled, laboratory conditions. test scores of each group decreased when it was the out-group. Hence, one would expect the results on this question to be very similar to the results on "how enjoyable the tasks were" but weaker. One other point before we proceed to examine the data. What similar but opposite statement appears in Hoffer's book The True Believer ? The more scientifically important they considered the experiment to be, the less was the total magnitude of dissonance. The participants who were in the control group were not given any motivation. Some have already been discussed. repeatedly turning pegs in a peg board for an hour. Cite details from the essay that support your response. 2. Psych Web has over 1,000 pages, so it may be elsewhere on the site. Leon Festinger's 1957 cognitive dissonance theory suggests that we act to reduce the disharmony, or dissonance, of our conflicting feelings. Seventy-one male students in the introductory psychology course at Stanford University were used in the experiment. The difference between the One Dollar condition (+1.20) and the Control condition (-.62) is significant at the .08 level (t = 1.78). Hoffer, E. (1951) The True Believer. PDF COGNITIVE DISSONANCE - University of Arizona "Cognitive consequences of forced compliance". So, to avoid dissonance, the person likes you. Generally speaking, the social comparison theory explains how individuals evaluate their opinion and desires by comparing themselves to others. Please select the correct language below. Toni sees a picture of the new international exchange student and notices that the student looks happy, so Toni automatically assumes that he is also friendly. The results were surprising to Festinger. {"cdnAssetsUrl":"","site_dot_caption":"Cram.com","premium_user":false,"premium_set":false,"payreferer":"clone_set","payreferer_set_title":"Psychology Chapter 12","payreferer_url":"\/flashcards\/copy\/psychology-chapter-12-1964384","isGuest":true,"ga_id":"UA-272909-1","facebook":{"clientId":"363499237066029","version":"v12.0","language":"en_US"}}. The area of the brain that is most involved in aggression is the ______. Leon Festinger and his colleague James Carlsmith performed an experiment regarding cognitive dissonance in 1959. Write to Dr. Dewey at psywww@gmail.com. Thus, with self-selection of who did and who did not make the required overt statement and with varying percentages of subjects in the different conditions who did make the requsted statement, no interpretation of the data can be unequivocal. This is an example of, The fact that Kitty Genovese did not receive help was most likely due to. We'll bring you back here when you are done. They were instructed to put spools onto and off the try with only one hand for half an hour, and then turn 48 square pegs clockwise for the next half hour. Eliot Aronson, himself a famous social psychologist and former student of Festinger, called this "the most important experiment in the history of social psychology" ("Social Researcher", 1984). He must be a genius." You must turn off your ad blocker to use Psych Web; however, we are taking pains to keep advertising minimal and unobtrusive (one ad at the top of each page) so interference to your reading should be minimal. And, indeed, in the Control condition the average rating was -.45, somewhat on the negative side of the neutral point. Intro to Social psy chapter 4 Flashcards | Quizlet (Goleman, 1991). The other group was paid 1/20th as much, the equivalent of about $5 now. The said images can be a reference to physical reality or in comparison to other people. The difference between the One and Twenty Dollar conditions reaches the .08 level of significance on a two-tailed test (t = 1.79). If you need instructions for turning off common ad-blocking programs, click here. Prejudice, s Stereotypes are defined as particular beliefs or assumptions about a human being based on their association with a group (Spielman, 2014, p.225). In a classic piece of cognitive dissonance research, researchers assigned students to different sides of a debate about the merits of college football.