ZTc3YWFhOTNmMzE1NWRiZGE2NjdhMjdkMDViN2QwNjU0Nzg1N2NkYWVmN2U1 This means that every time you visit this website you will need to enable or disable cookies again. Age 51. . M2VmZTYzMjNjMTAzNmVjN2FlODM1NDQzNWZkYzg0ZDQ0OWI2Yzk3ZWU3ODA5 She earned her undergraduate and graduate degrees in Social Work from Western Michigan University. Johnston and Parfet pledged to raise enough money to keep the foundation going in perpetuity, but if those funds dont materialize, the city risks insolvency. NPQ is the leading journal in the nonprofit sector written by social change experts. They have three adult children. Includes Address (7) Phone (5) Email (3) See Results. Select this result to view William Douglas Johnston's phone number, address, and more. He also serves on the board of directors of Southwest Michigan First Economic Development . Reputation Score: 2.13 - 3.76. Around 81% of Kalamazoo workers lived outside city limits, and an income tax would capture some of their earnings. He said, "This tournament is a part of the fabric of our city. For Sale: 5 beds, 5 baths 5413 sq. Johnston majored in political science as an undergraduate and played football for three years. Owner of Schubas, Lincoln Hall accused of setting up hidden cameras to YWI5NGI3NDQ3NjcwMTJiZjZhYTkwYmQxYjkxYzdkN2UwY2IxMGU3OGFiNzM5 Smith has calculated that the citys four whitest neighborhoods, which are also its wealthiest and which have the highest home values, receive around 41% of the total tax breaks annually, around $4.5 million. "I don't see anybody else gaining other than our children, our neighborhoods, the folks that need jobs, our businesses that we were able to help get through COVID.". More than half of the foundation grant for 2022nearly $14 million, as proposedwill go to tax breaks. . Sen. Ruth Johnson, R-Holly, and Sen. Jim Runestad, R-White Lake, put forward substitutions focused on protecting religious expression prior to the vote. The biggest chunk goes toward reimbursing Kalamazoo for reducing property taxes$13 million in fiscal year 2021. Throughout the year, Board members meet regularly to weigh in on the organizations strategic direction; provide oversight on the work of the team; act as a resource for attraction, expansion and retention projects; and help move community and public policy initiatives forward. ZDFiNDAwM2YxNWIwOTVhMjg3N2RiMWQ3MjAwYTQzYmI2NGRmOGExOGM0YzA2 Western Michigan UniversityKalamazoo MI 49008-5200 USA(269) 387-1000Contact WMU, WMU Notice of Non-DiscriminationLand Acknowledgement Statement, Masters degree in political science, WMU, 1974, Favorite book: Good to great, by Jim Collins. Theres been some talk of adding a national membership category given the profile of the course and facilities. Jennifer brings experience in grant writing and creating organizational processes. The truth is, the people who want to donate to fund a city are the people who want to buy a city government, she says. The bear is already in the room, Dannison says. Kalamazoo Mayor David Anderson at City Hall. William U. Parfet - Wikipedia Use some of that $400 million to house people instead of chasing them out of the city, said one caller, a Kalamazoo resident named Victoria. MTUzN2M0MDYxMTU1YTEyYTQyMGI1ZTJiMzQ4MWYyZDViYmQxN2NhOGJmNjZl Jennifer is excited to share her learnings to increase access for people doing the work to serve their communities. I do think this is unique, innovative and in some ways a test, said Carrie Pickett-Erway, president and CEO of the Kalamazoo Community Foundation. Johnson, as well as Sens. He wants to teach his kids to fish and huntand to avoid city politics. Jennifer is from Gary, IN. William 'Billy' Johnston age 31 was fulfilling a life long dream as a New York City firefighter on the tragic day of September 11 2001. But like this summers cicada emergence, the buzz has been deafening. ZGU1MTMwNzQ1MzQ1YTlmZGJlMTQzNWRhMTEyMzI4MDQ2ZjU3MTc0YjIxMDNi Catalyst Development Company, L.L.C is the real estate development and management arm of the Greenleaf Companies and has approximately 1.5 million square feet of property under management. What could go wrong is [if] the billionaires dont like what the city is doing, and say, Were not going to keep giving you money unless you do things differently, Callahan says. YzMzOGZjMjU4ZWNmOWZhYjhkMGZkNzRjMjgxMzQzODYzZmUxMmNiYWFlMzQz Johnston, who was wearing glasses with bright blue frames when we talked on Zoom, now runs an asset management company whose real estate arm owns and manages 2.5 million square feet of property across the region, including the Radisson Plaza Hotel, a centerpiece of downtown Kalamazoo. Greenleaf Trust manages in excess of $7 billion and has offices in the Michigan cities of Birmingham, Traverse City, Petoskey, Holland and Kalamazoo. Some foundation skeptics are coming around to the idea that they cant beat the Bills. eyJtZXNzYWdlIjoiMTZkNzcxMzBjMTdlZTIzNjRhNGQ2ZTE3NWI0NjI5MjQy 70, M.A. Leatrice has spent over a decade serving the Kalamazoo community in the nonprofit sector as a volunteer and an employee. ZDg2YTJjMTQ0ZjZmYmUxZTgzNmJiZDY4ZWY2NDU4YWQyM2U4MzU5MTY5ZjU2 She earned a Bachelor of Science, summa cum laude, in Community and International Development from the University of Vermont. Lindsey has been working in the nonprofit sector for over 10 years. 74, is president, CEO and chairman of the Greenleaf Companies, headquartered in Kalamazoo. Our strength comes from our impressive membership of community members that value excellence, both personally and professionally. 14 Classic Cars That Will Make Any Car Buff Swoon - Town & Country Every year, the foundation gives a grant to the city; this year it gave $25.78 million. Same with Imagine Kalamazoo 2025. The most recent tenant is William Johnston. Theres a long history in the U.S. of the rich stepping in to fund cultural amenities like museums, but lately theyve started stepping in to fund projectsin Kalamazoo and elsewherethat have long been perceived as the governments responsibility. MWZiNjBhYTNhNzE4Y2M0OTM5ZjMzMjg4OTdkNjU3MjE1YzVlM2M2ODkyYzY2 It will be housed at the W.E. Senate panel hears wrenching testimony from survivors, county Kalamazoo, MI 49007 USA. They are worth $5 trillion, two-thirds more than the total wealth held by the bottom 50% of Americans. She began her career in the nonprofit sector, as an anti-racist facilitator and organizer, working with institutions to eliminate systemic racism. Its long been suspected that the wealthy Stryker family, whose grandfather founded the medical device company, Stryker Corp., had something to do with an anonymous $100 million donation three years ago that allowed Western Michigan University to create a new medical school in Kalamazoo. William Johnston, Kalamazoo Public Records Instantly I think we already have some pretty blurred lines [around] wealthy control over government. It has never rejected the foundations suggestions. The city declined to comment on Heads allegation. As for asking philanthropists to fund a city, Hopewell says it might be an unusual approach, but that doesnt mean its bad. ODFhMWRiMTUzMzQ1YWE4OWY0MGI5ZTUwY2Q0NWQ1YTZiYWQ2MTA0YWNlMzMw L.L.C. Kalamazoo Gazette Recent Obituaries: All of Kalamazoo Gazette's Recent . William Johnston Phone Number, Address, Age, Contact Info, Public NTllMGE4MzQ1Y2NiYzRhNDNlZjk5NjVhYzZjYTkyMzVhNDk5MmYxYjJjMGRh This is a wonderful development for our community and for this new medical school, says Borgess President and CEO Paul A. Spaude. A sculpture in Bronson Park in downtown Kalamazoo. Theres an outside unelected entity that holds the purse strings.. William Johnston in Kalamazoo, MI - Address & Phone Number - Whitepages Johnston, whos married to Ronda Stryker, another admired philanthropic force in Kalamazoo, made the purchase presentation to the clubs membership in 2020 and the vote to sell the club was overwhelming passed. The city was in the process of designing a calculator to help residents figure out what theyd owe under the new plan when Sykes-Nehring says she was called into city hall on a weekend. MjQwMDlkMjViN2RmMjdlNjgxZjFlY2NmZTBiMjIzYzc4MjgzYWQyODQwN2Nk The name of William Johnston has been listed in the property assessment records for five real estate properties: 16 Barracuda Ln B-1, Ocean Reef, 33037 Fl, parcel #0659 41 00081660000503 . MGY0MDBlYTNkYmIzYTlkMWNiY2E3ZWNlY2EwYjU1NmQ1NmMyMGYifQ== If it works in Kalamazoo, its going to work because of the benevolence of our particular donors. ZmNiMTBiNTBmYTBjZjQwNjM5ZjU4M2YyMjlmY2JlNzM3YzllNDVkMDgzYjU3 (Bryan Bennett / Kalamazoo Gazette) . This latest aspect of the clubs promising future hasnt been shared publicly with the membership. Johnston resides with his wife, Ronda E. Stryker, who earned her masters from WMU in 1982, in the Kalamazoo area. Executive Director. View Funeral Home Directory. The foundation has no employees, but it pays the salaries of Kalamazoo city employees who have been hired as foundation staff and has spent $1.7 million on personnel since 2017. He also invented the mobile hospital bed. 300 Portage Street, Kalamazoo, MI 49007 But to Sykes-Nehring, the creation of the foundation institutionalized the Billss influence at a time when the city commission was finally getting more progressive. After succeeding in his quest for a bank charter from the state of Michigan, he founded Greenleaf Trust in 1998 and merged the asset management company and bank together one year later. They have also lived in Murphysboro, IL and Mendon, MI. Read more: Inside the Nations Largest Guaranteed Income Experiment. I started to really worry about my family, whether or not it was worth it to continue on, she says. Both are WMU alumni and both have teaching backgrounds. However, KCC will be here first for the community, said one of my sources. Ronda Stryker is 68 years old today because Ronda's birthday is on 05/01/1954. It said the foundation would be transparent, but when Rev. More Local News to Love Start today for 50% off Expires 3/6/23, Preventing LGBTQ discrimination in Michigan just moved a step closer to reality. Ronda Stryker. She is fueled by her commitment to help create a more just, vibrant world. She is grateful for the opportunity to serve the greater Kalamazoo community in her role at SJF. After he organized a counterprotest to a Proud Boys rally in Kalamazoo last year, the city denied him reappointment to the Citizens Safety Committee, saying he wouldnt be able to perform his duties without bias.. Two Kalamazoo leaders put their hearts, and money, into city The guiding principle was two shalls and a may, Dannison says. Theres never been a phone call to me to say, vote this way. . Rather than tie the hands of the FFE Board with language in the Articles or Bylaws precluding the acceptance of restricted gifts, some of which may be acceptable and consistent with the FFE purposes, this issue is best left to the FFE Board to craft a gift acceptance policy that can be reviewed and modified as circumstances dictate, Robinson wrote in a memo. The situation in Kalamazoo prompted him in March to step down from his position as senior pastor at the First Congregational United Church of Christ and to walk away from the Foundation for Excellence board. We're here to help (800) 896-5587 (Mon-Fri, 7am-6pm MDT) Ronda Stryker - Family, Family Tree - Celebrity Family - celebfamily I walked around the citys Northside neighborhood, and many of the people I asked about the Foundation for Excellence had never heard of it. "I say this humbly: we are able to be innovative, and it's kind of a scary word.". Among these are Oakland Hills CC, Meadowbrook CC and Blythefield CC. Yzk2NTI4MzI1ZTE4OWE4NzhkNGQ2MTUzMzhiMmJkMzEyMmY5Y2NiNGI5OTM2 The two Bills have long been at the center of this philanthropic community. Norma Jean Brandes Norma J Johnstonpeekst Norma Johnston Johnston Norma Johnston Norma Johnston . It helped people like Ebube Okpechukwu, 20, learn how to build her rsum and explore the medical field by setting her up in a position that let her work alongside physical therapists. The second best result is Peggy Ann Johnston age 70s in Fort Collins, CO. NjNhYWNiMTQ3ZTYzYWZmMTBkYjYwNGVhOWZkMjM3OWE5YjdmNWVhMTA5ODBh Related To Deborah Johnston, Bette Johnston, Laura Johnston, Grant Johnston. Details. Bill Johnson. "If we lowered the tax base, we felt we could be more competitive; that would create more investment in the city, thereby creating more tax revenue in the future.". Kalamazoo, Michigan. The best result we found for your search is Peg Johnston age -- in West Des Moines, IA. Baeuerle, Virginia L. Bhuyan, Janet . Billionaires are sending tourists into space, deploying the National Guard to the border, and funding the budgets of cities like Kalamazoo, while the rest of us look on, some awed, some disgusted. NzdmMTgzY2JjZjRmY2Y5ODUzZWNhYjZlMjdmOWVlMTI1ZWEzMTUwMzg1Mzcx Bill Johnson - IMDb Never forgotten - Jessica; MjVhOTMzMDFkODI2MDRlNWY2Mzk5MTFhNjIxZjNmMGQxOWQ1NWE3ZTgwYzA4 Email Address: w DHGO @radisson.com +2 emails. She believes that everyone should be given the opportunity to thrive in accessible and inclusive communities, where diversity is embraced, valued and respected. We sell some of the best brands for a great golfing experience. Johnston, 38, is the co-founder of the record label Audiotree, the owner of music venues Schubas Tavern and Lincoln Hall, and the son of Kalamazoo billionaires William Johnston and Ronda Stryker. The donors are concerned with the long-term viability of the City of Kalamazoo and its ability to meet not only the basic needs of its residents but also its inability to invest in efforts to help create a dynamic and growing city, Parfet and Johnston wrote in a Statement of Donor Intent last month. (Bryan Bennett / Kalamazoo Gazette). . See the complete profile on LinkedIn and discover Lara's connections and jobs at similar companies. The money really allows us to think bigger, says Paige Daniels, who runs the program. Ronda Stryker, who was said to be out of the country, said in a statement that she feels strongly that this is the right time for the medical school to be launched, and she knows her grandfather would be thrilled that the opportunity for medical education is being enhanced in his community. The Northside neighborhood, which is 91% people of color, receives 3.9% of the tax breaks, and the Eastside, which is 80% people of color, receives 2.4%, Smith says. (Bill) Parfet, is an American businessman and philanthropist. M2RkNzdjNDA4OGI3MzZjMjljMmNjYmUwMzNmYWU5OTE2NGM2NmYxOTVmOWRj But beyond the construction crews and new pickleball courts, a tension hums below the surface of Kalamazoos budget miracle. When the bill passed 23-15, his . In a 2018 interview, he predicted that other cities would replicate it, as they did the Kalamazoo Promise. He is an actor and composer, known for The Texas Chainsaw Massacre 2 (1986), D.O.A. which collectively employ more than 900 people. Now, with the announcement that the new school, opening this fall, will be named for Homer Stryker, there can be no doubt. William D Johnston. Current Address: MLHV W Michigan Ave, Kalamazoo, MI. Hes right that the money is funding a lot of good things. The former teacher and her husband, William Johnston, gave $100 million to Western Michigan University in 2014 to build a medical school named for her grandfather . Golf Show, Moore serves as a Governor for the Golf Association of Michigan and Chair of the Communication Committee. The rest include the city manager, former mayor Bobby Hopewell, and applicants from various stakeholder groups like arts and business who are hand-picked by the Kalamazoo Community Foundation, a separate philanthropic organization that has a Parfet and an Upjohn on its board. She serves as a Resource & Relationship Partner at the Stryker Johnston Foundation. Smith says that the city only engaged a certain type of resident with Imagine Kalamazoo; those with extra time who were already involved in local affairs. Reputation Score View Actual Score. William D. Johnston, B.S. Her background includes forty-five years of experience in nonprofits, primarily in organizations that mix grassroots community work with policy change. Worldwide, the Stryker name evokes a sense of medical innovation and quality. Trustee Johnston is the chairman of Greenleaf Companies, which include Greenleaf Trust, Greenleaf Hospitality Group and Catalyst Development LLC. ); Bill serves as trustee of Western Michigan University as well as the Genevieve and Donald S. Gilmore Foundation. Ronda E. Stryker & William D. Johnston Foundation - GuideStar Michael Johnston, co-founder of record label Audiotree and the son of Kalamazoo billionaires William Johnston and Ronda Stryker, has been arrested and charged for allegedly using a hidden camera . Age 95. Megan . Y2VhMDZlOTQxMjczNmQ3OWQxM2MyMDk4YmFjMmViYTU5NDFmMDg1M2E3Yzkw make sense of changing conditions and improve infra-structure in their organizations. Here in Kalamazoo, it is synonymous with community commitment. Contact List Directories Ronda E Stryker & William D Johnston Foundation, Full Filing Johnston is a quiet, large-framed man who sits powerfully behind his desk at Greenleaf Trust in downtown Kalamazoo. How Nov. 2, 2010 Made the Rich So Much Richer, The Secret History of the Shadow Campaign That Saved the 2020 Election. Lawmakers adopted none of the amendments, but that didnt stop Republicans from continuing to make their case on why they oppose the legislation. It was also a win for two of Kalamazoos richest men, philanthropists William Parfet and William Johnston, who created the foundation that received the money and that will determine how most of it is spent. Anson, Anne 10/4/1936 - 2/18/2023 Kalamazoo Anne M. Anson 86 of Kalamazoo passed away peacefully on Saturday February 18, 2023 at Park Place Assisted Living. Leatrice Fullerton was born and raised in Kalamazoo, MI. Bill Walsh, 8-time Kalamazoo Mens All-City Champion was my uncle. Rental Properties, businesses, apartments, condos and/or other real estate associated with William Johnston in Kalamazoo, MI. Your access to this site was blocked by Wordfence, a security provider, who protects sites from malicious activity. The city of Jacksonville, Fla., has appointed a chief philanthropy officer to recruit donor money; the state of Michigan created an Office of Foundation Liaison to broker innovative funding partnerships.. This is a chance to work together on both sides to protect individual rights and religious conscience all at the same time, Runestad said. A phone number associated with this person is (202) 249-0260, and we have 5 other possible phone numbers in the same local area codes 202 and 206. 100 W Michigan Ave, Kalamazoo, MI 49007-3963 - reported in August 2021 (1 year) ; 1925 Idlewild Dr, Richland, MI 49083-9451 - reported in December 2020 (1 year) ; 12627 E D Ave, Augusta, MI 49012-9716 - reported in June 2018 (1 year) ; 7014 Lovers Ln, Portage, MI 49002-4428 - reported in . N2E5YTU2M2YyZGJmZmQ1YWI3ZTc3MzE3ZmUwNmUxZTczZmRlYmRiMzk4NWUz The firm includes Greenleaf Trust, Greenleaf Hospitality Group and Catalyst Development, L.L.C. Interesting, yesand maybe a little hair-raising. Johnston, who's married to Ronda Stryker, another admired philanthropic force in Kalamazoo, made the purchase presentation to the club's membership in 2020 and the vote to sell the club was overwhelming passed. For a little while during the pandemic, the city paid for hotel rooms for the homeless, and if the program had lasted, Haywood says he might have been able to get on his feet. All this for one low price. MjYzMjUwNWFjNzE2ZGI1NDI3NzA2OTVkMTk4YjZkZDkzMjQ2OTczZTU3NzFi YouTubes privacy policy is available here and YouTubes terms of service is available here. His next Masters will be his 37th as a credentialed golf writer. Walter was born in Cincinnati, OH on October 4, 1921, the son of the late Walter William Johnston Sr. and Elsie Bernstein Johnston. Lindsey believes in the power of collaboration that is centered on the people impacted. Residents have long complained about odors and pollution from the factory and oppose a tax abatement recently approved by the city commission. 1. On the other hand, it also creates some slack, or capital, to work with to free up resources at the level of individual pocketbooks. . In addition to his membership on the WMU Board of Trustees, he is past chair of Southwest Michigan First, an area economic development agency, and he has served on a variety of other boards, such as those of the Bronson Healthcare Group, Donald and Genevieve Gilmore Foundation, Special-Lite Corp., Softech Inc., HUMANeX and the WMU Foundation. Kalamazoo, MI, United States ; www.strykerjohnstonfoundation.org + Contact Info; 2693889800; About; Contact; Back to Top ; Fast-track your prospect research with a Professional plan subscription. KALAMAZOO, MI -- The educator in Bill Johnston came out . He was 96. Community Rules apply to all content you upload or otherwise submit to this site. That statement is worth a closer look, as it links the investment to the development of a 10-year plan for the city called Imagine Kalamazoo 2025 that will involve volunteers and nonprofit organizations, as well as city staff and officials, in setting goals. 1995. Lara has 2 jobs listed on their profile. The two will provide $70 million in seed money for the Kalamazoo Foundation for Excellence over the next three years. Megan Stryker was born in 1985 and completed her Master's Degree from New York University in Public Administration in 2013. William Arthur Johnston, 79 - Kalamazoo, MI - Reputation & Contact Details Cookie information is stored in your browser and performs functions such as recognising you when you return to our website and helping our team to understand which sections of the website you find most interesting and useful. 7145 Moorsbridge Road, Portage, MI 49024 | Phone: (269) 323-5800 | Fax: (269) 323-5890 NmVkOTlhMjY5ZDdmMDc2ZTI3MWE0MmRlZDYyNDI2NWE1YTEwYzBiMmY0NTRi There has been some talk of exporting this model to other cities. Like Sykes-Nehring, he now lives outside of Kalamazoo, in a rural area. ; Senate Bill 78 would update firearms references in sentencing guidelines. Plus 17 calling features including voicemail, call forwarding, and caller ID. The firm includes Greenleaf Trust, Greenleaf Hospitality Group and Catalyst Development, L.L.C. For years and yearscenturies to comewe can improve, grow, invest, create, aspire differently than weve ever been able to do before, Bobby Hopewell, Kalamazoos longest-serving mayor, who stepped down in 2019, told me recently. 7 months ago. Our Team. A second bucket goes to stabilizing the city budget; $4.2 million in 2021. The bill will now go to the House for further consideration. I write about industrial innovation and the global auto industry. MTgyMWIwMzA1MzcxY2MzYjJiOGQ1NGQ5YjA0NzQxMjVlOWIwYzI3ZGMxZGIy What happened to Bethel Church pastor Bill Johnson's wife Beni? - HITC New York, NY. He has been a Minister for the McGowan Labor Government since March 2017, and has previously been Minister for Commerce, Electoral Affairs, and Asian Engagement. They have also lived in Holdrege, NE and Cortland, NE. Also known as Doug Johnston. Her background includes public and nonprofit policy and management, community development, and conflict resolution and mediation. Cookie Settings/Do Not Sell My Personal Information. He is a native of Kalamazoo, Michigan. After his military service, he earned a medical degree from the University of Michigan in 1925 and later completed a residency in orthopedic surgery at U of M. While still a medical student, he began developing devices to better meet patient needs. He resigned from the board after he says Hopewell and David Andersona city commissioner at the timechastised him for publicly criticizing the foundation. And if we had made that harder, he says, it would have gone probably catastrophic.. We can pretend that it is not and hope that it will go away, or we can learn how to become bear trainers and start to get our hands around this thing., But Dannison doesnt want to be that bear trainer. You have reached your limit of free articles. Become a member of Nonprofit Quarterly. OGNkMWYwNTZiNzgwZTRmNjM4YjEzMDRkYmJiYWU5MGM1MmZhZDU0YTY5NmJh The group now includes the Holiday Inn West, Stadium Management Group, Wings Stadium and the K-Wings professional hockey team. Our Team Stryker Johnston Foundation The two will provide $70 million in seed money for the Kalamazoo Foundation for Excellence over the next three years. Full Summary. I am certain he would be thrilled to know that medical education and research are taking place in Kalamazoo. Their generosity is allowing our community to create a medical school that will enable generations of young people to make their own marks in the same arena he helped revolutionize. And though the initial announcements about the foundation talked about funding Kalamazoo in perpetuity, financial documents hint that the Bills were not raising as much as they had hoped. The lines dividing that entity and the city are blurry. CHICAGO IL (WKZO AM/FM) - The son of two prominent Kalamazoo citizens has been charged with illegally using a hidden camera to record the nannies working in his home. William D. JohnstonPartner. OGZhNTJkZTE2ZjZhYjQwNjE3YTNlYzJlZDRjY2VhZDJjYTc5ZTEwYTRlODg1 He's also a past co-chair and current member of the Michigan Golf Hall of Fame Committee. Ruling year info. JoVaughan Head, a Kalamazoo resident who was one of the first Black people appointed to the foundation board, says he was called into city hall after posting a critical comment about the foundation on Facebook. Actor: The Texas Chainsaw Massacre 2. I got stuck in traffic near the Kalamazoo farmers market, which is being expanded with grants from the foundation, and talked to Ricky Thrash, who recently set up a food truck in the parking lot of his hair salon with help from a $25,000 grant. The medical technology company he founded now sells $9 billion worth of joint replacements, medical devices and software. Read more: What Life is Like for Millions of Americans Facing Financial Ruin Because of the Pandemic.