In the early 1970s, Miles Davis began exploring [1], One of the first bands to accompany the new rhythms was led by a drummer, Art Hickman, in San Francisco in 1916. rock . Whiteman increased the size of his band into nearly symphonic proportion. DG Ch 6-10 - Flashcards | StudyHippo.com When the trumpets and saxophones are combined in a musical accompaniment, they can lead a vibrant and multi-toned swing melody. singing" (in which he sings like an instrument on scat 3 4 5 6 7 8, - Fitzgerald was unique in her ability to render exact imitations of nearly any instrument in the band. The band severed ties with the school in 1941 to claim professional status. Short, repeated refrains or phrases, or riffs, are common in jazz. Many bands featured strong instrumentalists whose sounds dominated, such as the clarinets of Benny Goodman and Artie Shaw, the trombone of Jack Teagarden, the trumpet of Harry James, the drums of Gene Krupa, and the vibes of Lionel Hampton. "8-to-the-bar" rhythmic structure: (LONG-short-LONG-short-LONG-short-LONG-short), 1 2 Their styles are uniquely different, yet both helped shape the definition of the pure jazz singer. Jazz orchestras were necessary for the shows and musicals, and well-trained musicians were highly valued. Tucker, Sherrie. Lester Leaps In: The Life and Times of Lester Pres Young. 20th-century popular music and culture. interacts with the bass and drums, and how the beat is divided up in complex Many musical styles contributed to its birth. In Kansas City, Bennie Motens and Count Basies bands had begun developing a looser type of big band arrangement that allowed for freer styles of soloing, giving rise to a unique Kansas City swing style in the 1930s. Beginning in the mid-1920s, big bands, then typically consisting of 10-25 pieces, came to dominate popular music. clarinetist Benny GOODMAN and Lead players (alto sax 1, trombone 1 and trumpet 1) should be in the middle of their sections, in a direct line with one another. Playing multiple riffs playing at once as a kind of call and response. 1920s as a blending of blues, ragtime, and civic brass band traditions, then this Williams is considered one of the great jazz pianists and one of the greatest performers from Kansas City. Duke Ellington (18991974) proved that orchestrating jazz was an art of the highest level. That makes them the shrimp or Andouille sausage in the Gumbo that is swing music. In Harlem, the creative and literary arts, Black musicals, and big band entertainment flourished within the movement known as the Harlem Renaissance, in which music played as great or possibly a greater role than literature. These artists added new instrumentssuch as congas, other percussion instruments, timbales, maracas, and clavesand relied on powerful multi-rhythmic pulses to highlight jazz compositions within the big band as well as the small combo formats. an improvisation: melody, harmony, and form. jazz techniques into a more heavily-arranged "big-band" white swing CROSBY, Frank SINATRA, and Doris DAY, who blossomed as featured vocalists with prominent bands Glenn Miller used a clarinet over his saxophone for identification. As swing developed, the second player became responsible for most of the jazz solos. characterized by independent instrumental lines, massive harmonic dissonance, Survey of Jazz Midterm 2 Flashcards - Cram.com And because of this, Swing had a greater emphasis on written-out composition and arrangements. Big bands generally have four sections: trumpets, trombones, saxophones, and a rhythm section of guitar, piano, double bass, and drums. Big Bands evolved with the times and continue to this day. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});
. He was also one Here are the five most common swing band instruments, and how they commonly fit into swing music. The most prominent features of big band swing were the use of written arrangements and improvised solos, repetitive horn riffs, call and response between the brass and reed sections, and a rhythmic drive derived from walking and/or boogie-woogie type bass lines. A big band is a type of musical ensemble associated with playing jazz music and which became popular during the Swing Era from the early 1930s until the late 1940s. Jazz Big Band Grinnell College Musical Instrument Collection They provide the base, the foundation on which the rest of the music can thrive. - trombones The invention of ______ helped the record industry to recover in the mid-1930s. improvised solo structure on the choruses: (1) piano--Ellington), (2) jazz IMPORTANT MUSICIANS: Louis Armstrong (cornet/trumpet), Bix Beiderbecke (cornet), Jelly Roll Morton (piano/composer), Sidney Bechet (soprano sax, clarinet), Earl "Fatha" Hines (piano) Swing/Big Band Era (1930-1945) innovators include pianist Dave BRUBECK Fletcher Henderson (18971952) is credited with creating the pattern for swing arrangements. Unlike the vague term 'orchestra', writing for a big band is a little more specific with regards to the instruments and number of players at your disposal. Armstrong (nicknamed His efforts helped make it possible for jazz musicians to earn a decent wage. was introduced with greater emphasis on the soloist. How Did Buddy Bolden Influence The Way Back To The Birth Of Jazz? - ipl.org After the end of both bands, Basie formed his own orchestra, recruiting members from these two bands. Professor Daniels book publications include Lester Leaps In: The Life and Times of Lester Pres Young (Beacon, 2002); Pioneer Urbanites: A Social and Cultural History of Black San Francisco; and One Oclock Jump: The Unforgettable History of the Oklahoma City Blue Devils (Beacon Press, 2006). black jazz musicians developed an intense For the trumpet and trombone players, the most common configuration is 2-1-3-4, from the director's . He joined Ben Pollacks band and made his first recording. . completely abandoned the song's melody, which has made this style less A drummer, bass player (string bass), piano player, and guitarist formed the rhythm section. The group emphasized correct technique and accurate playing and released its first recording in 1930. Duke Ellingtons swing arrangements featured unusual timbres and capitalized on the unique style of each individual player, as illustrated in Echoes of Harlem (1936) and Take the A Train (1941). during the World War II years. harmony, structure and instrumentation. art form--a unique blending of West African and Western European/American clip on the basic jazz rhythm section. The swing era was the one time that jazz was a truly popular style. Trumpets feature a hollow brass tube that is doubles back on itself twice. She led her Swingphony while playing marimba. Starting in the early 1900s, various jazz and traditions have The first jazz concert, called A Swing Music Concert took place in 1936 in New York City. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});
. Swing music began appearing in the early 1930s and was distinguished by a more supple feel than the more literal 44 of early jazz. His sax playing is distinguished by a full tone, flowing lines, and heavy vibrato. (who are noted for their blending of Afro-Cuban jazz elements within a [44], Although big bands are identified with the swing era, they continued to exist after those decades, though the music they played was often different from swing. Western swing musicians also formed popular big bands during the same period. During the 1920s, Kansas City, Oklahoma City, and Dallas were vital crossroads resulting in a mix of musical styles and cultures. Benny Goodman (19091986) was a superior clarinetist who began appearing on stage by the age of twelve. The embellishments gradually became more adventurous, but they were generally always played with the melody in mind. Transcontinental trips often required a stop in one of these cities. [4] While most big bands dropped the previously common jazz clarinet from their arrangements (other than the clarinet-led orchestras of Artie Shaw and Benny Goodman), many Duke Ellington songs had clarinet parts,[5] often replacing or doubling one of the tenor saxophone parts; more rarely, Ellington would substitute baritone sax for bass clarinet, such as in "Ase's Death" from Swinging Suites. Glenn Miller (19041944) was a brilliant arranger, an outstanding businessman, and a fine trombone player. sprouted up in different parts of the United States, and their uniquely Vocalists began to strike out on their own. syllables). George GERSHWIN (1898-1937): Rhapsody ,r,el1)PrPer{mN,cq+W!yJn?@}gU-+GACIuyrPgnpQCZ76il9%0A9b vr, Q&L Sc3oX *{{toV To produce memorable swing music entertainment, you need a solid base, some leading ingredients and some harmonic elements. ", One of the most common forms used in jazz the following instruments: In 1925, bandleader Paul Whiteman The Cotton Club started in Harlem before it moved downtown. This intermingling of sections became a defining characteristic of big bands. Hot Swing (people like Duke Ellington) was more daring, experimental, faster, with longer improvisations, stronger rhythmic drive, and a rough blues feeling. uses "call and response" Fish, Scott K. Duke Ellington vs Chick Webb: We Tore Them Up, Man. March 1, 2016. https://scottkfish.com/2016/03/01/5221/. performers such Louis ARMSTRONG completed the transition from One of the most common forms used in jazz Whether your event needs a small ensemble or a full big band sound, we have the professionalism and class needed for functions requiring real live music! Swing was massively popular during the 1930s, so popular, in fact, that it was the pop music of its time. The most prominent features of big band swing were the use of written arrangements and improvised solos, repetitive horn riffs, call and response between the brass and reed sections, and a rhythmic drive derived from walking and/or boogie-woogie type bass lines. Later, a fifth bass trombone was often added. This pattern reinforced the second and fourth beat of every measure and later became known as a back beat. Additionally, the drummer accommodated the improvisations of soloists, providing a non-intrusive, laid-back swing pattern. Q G("CH^T)daA]yg~zN^y>.g~01D%>7dj.|K+8'9 q*U!i|O1#"v\YOGtc_GD1JL. Along this historical journey, jazz has been Beginning of the Swing Era - highered.mheducation.com During the swing era, popular, blues, and jazz vocalists were essential to big band performances. woodwinds (saxophones, clarinets), brass (trumpets, trombones) and a back-up As in midwestern cities, African American migrants transformed New York City in the first half of the 20th century. His "C" Count Basie's saxophone section included. KC Jazz marked the transition from the heavily structured, arranged and written out Big Band style of Swing to the more fluid and improvisation style of Bebop. In the late 1990s, there was a swing revival in the U.S. [52], Schuller, Gunther. [28] This development may take the form of improvised solos, written solo sections, and "shout choruses". Swing as Popular Music 1. (Click Big Band Arranging | 2 | Getting Started Evan Rogers | Orchestrator the following instruments: The Swing did not always swing but rather involved jazz performers doing a jazz interpretation of pretty ballads. Many musicians served in the military and toured with USO troupes at the front, with Glenn Miller losing his life while traveling between shows. Fletcher Henderson and Don Redman are credited with having created the formula for swing arrangements. In 1925, bandleader Paul Whiteman trumpeter Miles DAVIS, and baritone Gioia, Ted. Unit 5 Jazz Appreciation ICQ (In-Class Quiz) #6 Hearing The Difference: Bebop and Swing - know the three major aural differences between these two eras The Swing Era: The Players and The Features - know names of artists; lists of features-Societal features Jazz's most popular eradominated the mainstream of American popular music Purpose of music primarily for dancing Millions of records sold . began to emerge from the vocal blues In the 1970s, popular fusion groups included BLOOD, SWEAT & TEARS, CHICAGO, and SANTANA by Charlie Parker and Dizzy Gillespie. [36]:p.31, Before 1910, social dance in America was dominated by steps such as the waltz and polka. Paul Whiteman (18901967), called the King of Jazz, sought after talented top names for his band like Bing Crosby, Bix Beiderbecke, and Jimmy and Tommy Dorsey. 3. The lyrics kept within these traditions. But Chick Webbs band would cut them., The one radio voice that I listened to above others belonged to Ella Fitzgerald. In the mid-1930s, he was the featured soloist in the Basie Orchestra. This also contributed to the loose and spontaneous feel of KC Jazz. Bandleader Charlie Barnet's recording of "Cherokee" in 1942 and "The Moose" in 1943 have been called the beginning of the bop era. Swing was the predominant style of jazz music played from the late 1920s to mid-1940s. Mary Lou Williams (19101981) was the first woman in jazz history to compose and arrange for a large jazz band. PDF Chapter Six: "In the Mood": the Swing Era, 1935-1945 serene style of "cool jazz" became the rage on the west coast. Young, who also studied violin, trumpet and drums, displayed an excellent sense of melody in his lyrical soloing. The saxophone features a curved reed mouthpiece and a long brass tube that gradually expands before doubling back and bellowing outwards. New York in the late 1920s. Some bands were "society bands" which relied on strong ensembles but little on soloists or vocalists, such as the bands of Guy Lombardo and Paul Whiteman. [26], Typical big band arrangements from the swing era were written in strophic form with the same phrase and chord structure repeated several times. Swing is an outgrowth of the 1920s big band traditions in Chicago, Kansas City, and New York City. She arranged music for dozens of leading swing bands including those of Duke Ellington, Dizzy Gillespie, and Benny Goodman. a) Henderson's big band comprises five brass instruments (three trumpets and two trombones), four reed instruments (saxophones and clarinets), and a rhythm section consisting of piano, bass, 1930s, jazz expanded into a "Big Band" phenomenon with Duke Ellington leaders in America. The project is also supported in part by a grant from the National Endowment for the Arts. and Benny Goodman (who took jazz to Hollywood in the mid-1930s). In general, swing refers to the music of large dance bands that played written arrangements. Since keyboards are essentially advanced incarnations of pianos, they can be used to quietly accompany the rhythm section of a swing band or to play a quiet harmony. trumpet. [27] Each iteration, or chorus, commonly follows twelve bar blues form or thirty-two-bar (AABA) song form. YouTube clip with basic piano chords). The Big Bands of swing were only able to acquire one-night stand performances and consequently suffered financially. - jukebox Which changes occurred in the rhythm section during the 1930s? Whiteman started his first band in San Francisco in 1918 and his fame spread into the 1920s. Big Bands began to appear in movies in the 1930s through the 1960s, though cameos by bandleaders were often stiff and incidental to the plot.Shep Fields appeared with his Rippling Rhythm Orchestra in a playful and integrated animated performance of "This Little Ripple Had Rhythm" in the musical extravaganza The Big Broadcast of 1938. Unlike the concert band, the lead players should never be seated on the end of the section. A distinctly new genre appeared in the late 1930s that to some degree bridged the differences between big band swing and bebop combos, and this was West Indian influenced music. [1], Duke Ellington led his band at the Cotton Club in Harlem. Keyboards are the swing band equivalent of rice in Gumbo. You must have javascript enabled to view this website. To learn more about the book this website supports, please visit its, You must be a registered user to view the. He received his BA in Political Science from the University of Chicago and an M.A. (String Bass or Electric Bass), plucked with the fingers, often providing a The genre was gradually absorbed into mainstream pop rock and the jazz rock sector.[45]. These bands had identifiable leaders, such as Glenn Miller and the Dorsey brothers, who placed their individual stamps on their musical arrangements. Swing bands adopted a consistent instrumentation of four sections that remained fairly stable. How relevant do you believe the poem is today? In contrast to the typical jazz emphasis on improvisation, big bands relied on written compositions and arrangements. the jukebox The popular appeal of Benny Goodman's Trio and Quartet had a good deal to do with the extroverted energy of Lionel Hampton and Gene Krupa The first chorus of an arrangement introduces the melody and is followed by choruses of development. This exact format is employed today by the many high school and college jazz ensembles around the country as well as overseas. History of Swing Bands Timeline of African American Music Although Sometimes bandstands were too small, public address systems inadequate, pianos out of tune. Ellington recorded this The Timeline of African American Music by Portia K. Maultsby, Ph.D. presents the remarkable diversity of African American music, revealing the unique characteristics of each genre and style, from the earliest folk traditions to present-day popular music. Critics and historians refer to these groups as ghost bands because of the absence of their leaders and new personnel. Jazz began in New Orleans in the Boogie-woogie is characterized by its well-known The music of Count Basie (19041984) represents a leading voice in the big band style. The manner in which theyre utilized often depends on the particular composition of the song being played. (click Then, during the Swing Era, the sax player Coleman Hawkins changed the way jazz approached improvisation from melody to harmony (horizontal to vertical). Swing music ruled the airwaves and the dance floors throughout the 1930s to the mid-40s, and the artists that led swing bands became internationally beloved celebrities. - Cool Jazz Stream Jazz" by combining a jazz combo with symphony orchestra. %%EOF . exemplifies many of the most innovative aspects of this new jazz style: (1) It counting pattern over again for each successive variation of the pattern Loops are played at 120 and 125 bpm. It is usually played by big band ensembles that use a rhythm section with drums, bass, sometimes a guitar, and almost always a piano, a brass section of trumpets and trombones, and a reed section of saxophones and clarinets. Drummer Chick Webb (19091939) was admired for his forceful sense of swing, accurate technique, control of dynamics, and use of breaks and fills. The wind component of a big band consists of three sections: the saxophones (usually three to five players with various combinations of alto, tenor and baritone saxes and with some of the players doubling on flutes and clarinets); the trombones (typically three or four players, one of whom specializes on the bass trombone); and the trumpets . Many of the great swing bands broke up, as the times and tastes changed. New York in the late 1920s. Among all the jazz vocalists that followed, most cite her as having the most influence on their scatting style. While the trumpet is commonly featured in a swing band, a saxophone is also often used to enhance melodies. Many bands toured the country in grueling one-night stands. Since he could not read music, Webb memorized the arrangements. (optional) Select some text on the page (or do this before you open the "Notes" drawer). Latin-based rock idiom). Saxophones also feature a number of keys built into the main section of the tube; these keys can change the pitch or note being played. In the 1960s and 1970s, big band rock became popular by integrating such musical ingredients as progressive rock experimentation, jazz fusion, and the horn choirs often used in blues and soul music, with some of the most prominent groups including Chicago; Blood, Sweat and Tears; Tower of Power; and, from Canada, Lighthouse.