His reaction most clearly illustrates one of the dynamics involved in, An expectation that people will help those who depend on them is known as the, Two conflicting groups who share the same negative views of one another demonstrate. which people belonged to were an important source of pride and self-esteem. Male 1: Maybe more than anybody else. b. prejudice. Three pathways by which self-concept can shape how we communicate are self-esteem, self-monitoring, and Multiple Choice self-serving bias. Examined the impact of conformity with his famous Line Perception experiment. The phrase "not in my backyard," shortened to "NIMBY," seems to have appeared first in the mid-1970s. (1974). These two simple dimensionswarmth and competencetogether map how groups relate to each other in society. Finally, the tendency to categorize can be associated with discrimination. In-group favouritism and out-group discrimination in naturally - PLOS Flashcards, matching, concentration, and word search. As a result, the White person may give a good excuse to avoid such awkward situations. Prejudice, Discrimination, and Stereotyping, Greenwald, Banaji, Rudman, Farnham, Nosek, & Mellott, 2002, Greenwald, Poehlman, Uhlmann, & Banaji, 2009, https://onlinepsych.pepperdine.edu/blog/prejudice-discrimination-coping-skills/, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. These groups could be formed by gender, race, ethnicity, or a favorite sports team. During lunch a group of computer science majors were discussing their choice of field. d. women tend to share similar attitudes about sex. Quia - AP Psychology - Unit 14 Vocabulary Review living in a nice neighborhood denotes ones place in the social hierarchya place reserved for ones in-group members). This is how the IAT works: measuring tiny differences in the time it takes you to make judgments. Yosef, who is of Jewish origin, joins her unit as a trainee. What term best describes Elena's behavior? Comparisons of identical and fraternal twins highlight the impact of ________ on aggression. An expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them. An expectation that people will help those dependent upon them. Women cannot drive. This is an especially useful way to measure potential biases because it does not simply ask people to openly report on the extent to which they discriminate against others. The mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives. tendency: 1 n an inclination to do something Synonyms: leaning , propensity Type of: inclination that toward which you are inclined to feel a liking n an attitude of mind especially one that favors one alternative over others "a tendency to be too strict" Synonyms: disposition , inclination Types: show 31 types. d. vivid cases. lowering the value of ones house; fewer openings in the school; etc.). People higher on SDO tend to choose and thrive in occupations that maintain existing group hierarchies (police, prosecutors, business), compared to those lower in SDO, who tend to pick more equalizing occupations (social work, public defense, psychology). This reaction is best explained in terms of. Groupthink: . This best illustrates the value of, Sharing household chores ranks high on a list of things people associate with successful marriages. The tendency to see the beliefs, values, and customs of one's own culture or group as "right" or "natural" is called a. ethnicity. Self-serving bias can spill over into the groups we identify with. Joie, age 19, is a Black female university sophomore. d. They have relatively high levels of serotonin and high levels of testosterone. Universal dimensions of social cognition: Warmth and competence. (Blame the Victim). When people would like a certain idea or concept to be true, they end up believing it to be true. (d) Put a=1/2a=1 / 2a=1/2. 1. Solved The tendency to favor an idea, person, or thing over - Chegg social identity theory | Definition, History, Examples, & Facts c. cognitive dissonance. the tendency to favor our own group. Categories . (a) Find the demand functions, x(p,m)x^*(p, m)x(p,m) and y(p,m)y^*(p, m)y(p,m). (Check the elasticity of px(p,m)p x^*(p, m)px(p,m) w.r.t. b. the bystander effect. Do you know more people from different kinds of social groups than your parents did? a. groupthink bias b.ingroup bias c.outgroup bias d. intergroup bias According to current research of aggression, which of the following statements is. Which of the following terms refers to the tendency to view members of People are often biased against others outside of their own social group, showing prejudice (emotional bias), stereotypes (cognitive bias), and discrimination (behavioral bias). Exam 1 Dr. Influence (conforming) resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval. It pays the utility bill during July. nearness; the greater the exposure one has to another person, the more one generally comes to like that person. One aggression-replacement program has brought down re-arrest rates of juvenile offenders by: False consensus effect - Wikipedia An understood rule for accepted and expected behavior. The non-rival out-group acts as a reference . The tenency to favor our own group: Term. Free Group Study Rooms with Timer & Music | Fiveable a personality that is disposed to favor obedience to authority and intolerance of outgroups and those lower in status . b. the just-world phenomenon. Understand biases such as social dominance orientation and right-wing authoritarianism. On your way to school one day, ask yourself how many types of vehicles breeze down Main St U.S.A., on the average? Ingroup Favoritism and Prejudice | Principles of Social Psychology People who score higher on the scale show more ingroup favoritism in comparison with those who score lower on it (Stangor & Thompson, 2002). Plan a vacation in Switzerland that centers around its natural landscape. . Other Quizlet sets. Turner, J. C. (1975). Studies have revealed diminished activity in the ________ of violent criminals. 12.2 Ingroup Favoritism and Prejudice - Principles of Social Psychology p.)\left.p.\right)p.). (Extremes). Carl Rogers's Actualizing Tendency: Your Ultimate Guide Aggression This best illustrates: Altemeyer, B. Do you or someone you know believe that group hierarchies are inevitable? swissworld: saisons Or even ageist people who feel fond of older adults but, at the same time, view them as incompetent to support themselves and worry about the burden they place on public welfare programs. This example is an illustration of: If researchers found that people take longer to identify words such as assertive and bold as "strong" when the words are associated with female faces rather than with male faces, this finding would illustrate: What is NOT a reason why watching media violence have negative consequences. What Is Outgroup Bias? | Definition & Examples b. hypothalamus Basically, rumination . An allocator divides a large sum of money among three groups of around 20 recipients each and also to themselves. As the world becomes more interconnectedmore collaborations between countries, more intermarrying between different groupsmore and more people are encountering greater diversity of others in everyday life. This is an example of: Elena's boss fires her because he is downsizing his company. Explaining behaviors based on a person's characteristics; traits, maturity, etc. Tendency to favor one's own ethnic group over other ethnic groups. Such a question would be preposterous if you were only surrounded by members of your own group. these group categories that he fits into are his _____., an ___ is a large amount of people that perceive themselves as different from/ apart from their ingroup and more. Situational (External) Attribution Theory. The firm does the following: b. social class, family, football team etc.) We categorize people according to their citizenship, gender, allegiance to a sports team, and university affiliation, among other qualities. d. aggression. _____ refers to the tendency to view the world through one's own cultural filters.a) Conservatism b) Relativism c) Ethnocentrism d) Ableism ANS: c A-head: Culture and Intergroup Relations REF: 363 Feedback: Ethnocentrism is the tendency to view the world through one's own cultural filters. After meeting Kim, who has a 4.0 GPA and volunteers 20 hours each week to help disabled children, Beth says "Well, Kim is an exception to the rule." B) ingroup bias. b. there is no physiological basis for aggression in humans. Alex is likely to conform to their opinion if, He feels insecure in his role as a new member of the team, After hearing respected medical authorities lecture about the value of regular exercise, Raul, who has rarely exercised, begins to jog regularly. An example of the fundamental attribution error is illustrated in our tendency to underestimate the extent to which others' behavior is influenced by: Politicians who publicly oppose a tax increase that they privately favor best illustrate that, That actions may sometimes be inconsistent with attitudes, The impact of our actions on our attitudes is best illustrated by, The set of prescribed behaviors associated with a particular social position is best described as, Philip Zimbardo devised a simulated prison and randomly assigned college students to serve as prisoners or guards. a. Narcissism is the tendency to view one's own culture or group as "Oh, very good," Judge Matsumoto . Other-race Effect: Definition. b. exposing them to adult models of aggression. CHAPTER 12: CULTURE Multiple Choice 1. unconsciously mimicking others expressions, postures, and voice tones to help us feel what they are feeling, tendency to believe that something is true simply because it has been repeated many times, the tendency for people to take personal credit for success but blame failure on external factors. 0 . They have relatively high levels of serotonin and low levels of testosterone. In-group favoritism, sometimes known as in-group-out-group bias, in-group bias, intergroup bias, or in-group preference, is a pattern of favoring members of one's in-group over out-group members. In some countries, women who have been raped are sometimes sentenced to punishment for having violated a law against adultery. It was considered acceptable to openly disparage entire groups of people and to pass laws that restricted or harmed these groups. Make a truth table for the below given statement. The stereotype content model attends to two major dimensions of evaluating other people: warmth and competence. quiz 5 psych 312.docx - Question 1 2 out of 2 points A tendency to Developed Social Learning Theory, where children learn through watching AND imitating actions. a. human aggression is an unlearned instinct. This episode provides an example of, A business leader who welcomes a variety of opinions from subordinates and invites experts' critiques of her company's developing plans is most likely to inhibit. The finding that the greater the number of people who witness an emergency, the less likely any one of them is to help, the tendency for individuals to increase their liking for something they have worked hard to attain, apprehension about confirming negative stereotypes related to one's own group, the tendency to draw a general impression about an individual on the basis of a single characteristic. Psychology questions and answers. b. conformity c. romantic love chapter_12 - CHAPTER 12: CULTURE Multiple Choice 1. The tendency to We identify o we compare ingroup bias o tendency to. exclusivity. As a result, outgroup disliking stems from this in-group liking (Brewer & Brown, 1998). In the United States, for instance, waves of new immigrants such as Chinese people, Irish people, and Italians, were met with open hostility, with attitudes often shifting to the most recent group of immigrants. Groups give us a sense of social identity: a sense of belonging to the social world. Next, categorization can also lead to prejudice. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like The jury . We study in-group favouritism and out-group discrimination in a multiplayer dictator game in a naturally occuring group setting. The tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request. chp 9 psych Flashcards | Quizlet a. Greenwald, A. G., McGhee, D. E., & Schwartz, J. L. K. (1998). Understanding and using the Implicit Association Test: III. This means seeing women, minorities, homosexuals, and non-believers as inferior. Since 1946, the average midterm loss for the president's party is 25 seats. d. father care. Conserves physiological arousal and excitement. other-race effect: the tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races. Intergroup bias. c. offering them opportunities to play violent video games when they feel angry. People who score high on SDO believe that some groups are inherently better than others, and because of this, there is no such thing as group equality. At the same time, though, SDO is not just about being personally dominant and controlling of others; SDO describes a preferred arrangement of groups with some on top (preferably onesown group) and some on the bottom. Expert Answer. This sends subtle cues to the applicant that she is not being taken seriously, is not a good fit for the job, or is not likely to get hired. D) Relating to several _____ is the tendency to attribute one's own characteristics to other people. Racial stereotypes of one hundred college students. One student admitted that he had once considered becoming an accountant but decided against it because "accountants are all boring number crunchers without an ounce of creativity." Spontaneously, people categorize people into groups just as we categorize furniture or food into one type or another. Peoples identities are multifaceted, intersecting across gender, race, class, age, region, and more. 2022. Consider the utility maximization problem, maxxa+ysubjecttopx+y=m\max x^a+y \quad \text { subject to } p x+y=m The scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another. However, regardless of political ideology, RWA focuses on competing frameworks of values. The enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next. The frustration-aggression principle most clearly applies to individuals with higher-than-average levels of: Understand subtle, unexamined biases that are automatic, ambiguous, and ambivalent. This phenomenon is known as ________. Today, many nations have equality clearly articulated in their constitutions. We might feel affinity toward people from our home town, a connection with those who attend our university, or commiserate with the experience of people who share our gender identity, religion, or ethnicity. "Oh, no, never," the woman said. Not all stereotypes of outgroups are all bad. 3. Ingroup Bias (Definition + Examples) | Practical Psychology It applies U.S. GAAP and reports in U.S. dollars. Employees were reimbursed when they presented petty cash vouchers to the petty cash custodian. What groups illustrate ambivalent biases, seemingly competent but cold, or warm but incompetent? c. blood alcohol. In the abstract these mental maps can help us understand how to interact with new people based on educated guesses about their category. Indicate the amount of expenses (if any) the firm recognizes during the months of June, July, and August in each of the following hypothetical transactions. (2004). d. sensory cortex. In the context of distinctiveness, you are most likely to introduce your roommate to your friends as: When the British made a group of German civilians walk through a concentration camp at the close of World War II, one German responded: "What terrible criminals these prisoners must have been to receive such treatment." Monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) is sometimes called the ________ gene. How is it that entire groups of people were left out of political participation, justice, and freedom? And whether you recognize this favoritism as wrong, this trade-off is relatively automatic (unintended,immediate, and irresistible). This is an example of: individuals sometimes perform poorly when apprehensive about being stereotyped. The change in Raul's behavior best illustrates the impact of, A culture that promotes individualism is most likely to encourage, Participants in the Milgram obedience studies were ordered to, Deliver electric shocks to a learner for giving incorrect answers, Most people are likely to be surprised by the results of Milgram's initial obedience experiment because, The "teachers" were more obedient than most people would have predicted. Assume that p,q,rp, q, rp,q,r, and sss represent propositions, Adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard. Katz, D., & Braly, K. (1933). (tn dn si) n., pl. If word-of-mouth hiring practices in an all-White business have the effect of excluding potential non-White employees, the practice could be called: Bill is often described as judgmental, ethnocentric, and punitive. The scale, from Luhtanen and Crocker (1992), is shown in Table 12.2 "The Collective Self-Esteem Scale". to have power or mastery over. Unjustified negative action towards a member of a group because they belong to that group. 1. a natural or prevailing disposition to move, proceed, or act in some direction or toward some point, end, or result. Solved QUESTION 23 The tendency to apply one's own cultural | Chegg.com Social psychologists have developed several ways to measure this automatic preference, the most famous being the Implicit Association Test (IAT; Greenwald, Banaji, Rudman, Farnham, Nosek, & Mellott, 2002; Greenwald, McGhee, & Schwartz, 1998). The tendency to recall faces of one's own face more accurately than faces of other races. In-group favoritism is an ambiguous form of bias because it disfavors the outgroup by exclusion. For example, someone high in SDO would likely be upset if someone from an outgroup moved into her neighborhood. Unit 23. Research on the biology of aggression has clearly demonstrated that: Today, there is a greater appreciation of the fact that not all biases are overt hostility based on a personal animosity toward members of a group. The principle that frustrationthe blocking of an attempt to achieve some goalcreates anger, which can generate aggression. The tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition. All of the following are examples of measures of central tendency D) the enhancement of a group's prevailing attitudes through group discussion. These four kinds of stereotypes and their associated emotional prejudices (see Figure 2) occur all over the world and apply to each societys own groups. In fact, this finding generally holds regardless of whether ones group is measured according race, age, religion, nationality, and even temporary, insignificant memberships. The enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through group discussion is called, Nora, Ko, Ian, and May each think that Ms. Akey may be a slightly better teacher than Mr. Schwenke. A belief that leads to its own fulfillment. Also called the cross-race effect and the own-race bias: just-world phenomenon Social Psychology Ch 9 (Prejudice) Flashcards | Quizlet The difference is that we categories ourselves, as self-categorization theory points out (Turner, 1975). b. This behavior is best explained in terms of: Your textbook defines _____ as a generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people. Distinguish prejudice, stereotypes, and discrimination. An increase in ________ has been followed by more positive attitudes between South African Whites and Blacks. b. implicit prejudice. This best illustrates that victim blaming is fueled by: Two months before the 2018 midterms, President Trump had a 40% job approval rating. For example, researchers have found that those who score higher on SDO are usually lower than average on tolerance, empathy, altruism, and community orientation. A unified theory of implicit attitudes, stereotypes, self-esteem, and self-concept. (b) Find the partial derivatives of the demand functions w.r.t. c. Conflict An unjustifiable attitude toward a group and its members. The extrinsic incentives bias is best described as the tendency for The enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group: Term. Receives a utility bill on July 2 totaling $4,560 for services received during June. the tendency to favor one's own group quizlet. Cindy's reaction best illustrates, People's physical attractiveness is unrelated to their, In an experiment by Dutton and Aron, one group of men were asked by an attractive woman to complete a short questionnaire immediately after they had crossed a swaying footbridge suspended 230 feet above the Capilano River. Ever since he received notice of his probation, Montel has become increasingly hostile toward racial minority students and staff on campus. This activity was created by a Quia Web subscriber. What causes a gain or loss on the sale of a bond investment? a. the bystander effect. believing in the superiority of one's own ethnic and cultural group, and having a corresponding disdain for all other groups . High rates of violence are most common among those who experience minimal levels of: ________ is a tendency to favor one's own group. Unfortunately, problems can also arise from our tendency to categorize. Ingroup bias, or ingroup favoritism, is a bias in which people tend to favor people who exist in similar groups as them. 3. a special and definite purpose in a novel or other literary work. Rumination: Problem Solving Gone Wrong | Psychology Today Female 2: I can be hard to figure out Male 2: and I like my privacy. 97 terms. Brewer, M. B., & Brown, R. J. Microaggressions are often subtle so that makes them easy to shake off. This way of perceiving and making . B) self-serving bias. Categories get more complicated when we apply them to humans. d. neural influences contribute to aggressive behavior in men but not in women. the tendency to favor one's own group quizlet the tendency to favor one's own group quizlet. Hanna overcriticizes him for minor errors. Research on gender attitudes conducted by Alice Eagly and her associates (1991) and Geoffrey Haddock and Mark Zanna (1994) suggests: Greenwald and his colleagues (2003) asked both Black and White participants to press a "shoot" button when the target appeared to be holding a gun rather than a harmless object such as a flashlight. When it comes time to categorize ice cream as good or bad, you may still categorize it as good, but you will likely be a little slowerperhaps even fractions of a second slower-- in arriving at this judgment. an unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members. 33. Instead, when he returns home, he shouts at his son for playing video games. Attitude change path in which people are influenced by incidental cues, emotional responses such as a speaker's attractiveness. Like stereotypes, prejudice is a bias against people based on their group membership. For example, when our awareness of our attitudes and of our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting dissonance by changing our attitudes, adjusting ones behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard, influence resulting from a persons desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval, influence resulting from ones willingness to accept others opinions about reality, stronger responses on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others, the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable, the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity, the enhancement of a groups prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group.